Electrically tunable collective response in a coupled micromechanical array

We employ optical diffraction to study the mechanical properties of a grating array of suspended doubly clamped beams made of Au. The device allows application of electrostatic coupling between the beams that gives rise to formation of a band of normal modes of vibration (phonons). We parametrically excite these collective modes and study the response by measuring the diffraction signal. The results indicate that nonlinear effects strongly affect the dynamics of the system. Further optimization will allow employing similar systems for real-time mechanical spectrum analysis of electrical waveforms

Putting mechanics into quantum mechanics

Nanoelectromechanical structures are starting to approach the ultimate quantum mechanical limits for detecting and exciting motion at the nanoscale. Nonclassical states of a mechanical resonator are also on the horizon

Negative dynamic conductance from photon-assisted tunneling in superconducting junctions

We show that a superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) junction may exhibit regions of negative dynamic conductance if it is irradiated by a time-varying signal source which deviates from the conventionally treated constant ac voltage limit. This phenomenon reflects the strong dependence of the junction absorption cross section upon dc bias voltage. Analytic estimates for the magnitude of the negative conductance and its impact upon the frequency down conversion process are obtained in the constant ac current limit

Dual-side and three-dimensional microelectrode arrays fabricated from ultra-thin silicon substrates

A method for fabricating planar implantable microelectrode arrays was demonstrated using a process that relied on ultra-thin silicon substrates, which ranged in thickness from 25 to 50 µm. The challenge of handling these fragile materials was met via a temporary substrate support mechanism. In order to compensate for putative electrical shielding of extracellular neuronal fields, separately addressable electrode arrays were defined on each side of the silicon device. Deep reactive ion etching was employed to create sharp implantable shafts with lengths of up to 5 mm. The devices were flip-chip bonded onto printed circuit boards (PCBs) by means of an anisotropic conductive adhesive film. This scalable assembly technique enabled three-dimensional (3D) integration through formation of stacks of multiple silicon and PCB layers. Simulations and measurements of microelectrode noise appear to suggest that low impedance surfaces, which could be formed by electrodeposition of gold or other materials, are required to ensure an optimal signal-to-noise ratio as well a low level of interchannel crosstalk

Electrical Transport Across an Individual Magnetic Domain Wall in (Ga,Mn)As Microdevices

Recent studies demonstrate that an individual magnetic domain wall (DW) can be trapped and reproducibly positioned within multiterminal (Ga,Mn)As microdevices. The electrical resistance obtained from such measurements is found to be measurably altered by the presence of this single entity. To elucidate these observations we develop a simple model for the electrical potential distribution along a multiterminal device in the presence of a single DW. This is employed to calculate the effect of a single DW upon the longitudinal and transverse resistance. The model provides very good agreement with experimental observations, and serves to highlight important deviations from simple theory. We show that measurements of transverse resistance along the channel permits establishing the position and the shape of the DW contained within it. An experimental scheme is developed that enables unambiguous extraction of the intrinsic DW resistivity. This permits the intrinsic contribution to be differentiated from resistivities originating from the bulk and from magnetic anisotropy - effects that are generally manifested as large backgrounds in the experiments.Comment: Submitted to Physical Review

A Nanoscale Parametric Feedback Oscillator

We describe and demonstrate a new oscillator topology, the parametric feedback oscillator (PFO). The PFO paradigm is applicable to a wide variety of nanoscale devices and opens the possibility of new classes of oscillators employing innovative frequency-determining elements, such as nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), facilitating integration with circuitry and system-size reduction. We show that the PFO topology can also improve nanoscale oscillator performance by circumventing detrimental effects that are otherwise imposed by the strong device nonlinearity in this size regime

Nanoscale, Phonon-Coupled Calorimetry with Sub-Attojoule/Kelvin Resolution

We have developed an ultrasensitive nanoscale calorimeter that enables heat capacity measurements upon minute, externally affixed (phonon-coupled) samples at low temperatures. For a 5 s measurement at 2 K, we demonstrate an unprecedented resolution of ΔC ~ 0.5 aJ/K (~36 000 k_B). This sensitivity is sufficient to enable heat capacity measurements upon zeptomole-scale samples or upon adsorbates with sub-monolayer coverage across the minute cross sections of these devices. We describe the fabrication and operation of these devices and demonstrate their sensitivity by measuring an adsorbed ^4He film with optimum resolution of ~3 × 10^(-5) monolayers upon an active surface area of only ~1.2 × 10^(-9) m^2

Parametric Amplification and Back-Action Noise Squeezing by a Qubit-Coupled Nanoresonator

We demonstrate the parametric amplification and noise squeezing of nanomechanical motion utilizing dispersive coupling to a Cooper-pair box qubit. By modulating the qubit bias and resulting mechanical resonance shift, we achieve gain of 30 dB and noise squeezing of 4 dB. This qubit-mediated effect is 3000 times more effective than that resulting from the weak nonlinearity of capacitance to a nearby electrode. This technique may be used to prepare nanomechanical squeezed states

Visible Array Waveguide Gratings for Applications of Optical Neural Probes

In this paper we propose using Array Waveguide Gratings (AWGs), working in the visible range, in order to implement the technique of Wavelength-Division-(de)Multiplexing for multi-point stimulation of deep-brain neurons. We've developed a CMOS compatible fabrication process and fabricated two sets of AWGs, working in the red and blue wavelengths. Experimental data demonstrating the functionality of these AWGs is presented

Wiring Nanoscale Biosensors with Piezoelectric Nanomechanical Resonators

Nanoscale integrated circuits and sensors will require methods for unobtrusive interconnection with the macroscopic world to fully realize their potential. We report on a nanoelectromechanical system that may present a solution to the wiring problem by enabling information from multisite sensors to be multiplexed onto a single output line. The basis for this method is a mechanical Fourier transform mediated by piezoelectrically coupled nanoscale resonators. Our technique allows sensitive, linear, and real-time measurement of electrical potentials from conceivably any voltage-sensitive device. With this method, we demonstrate the direct transduction of neuronal action potentials from an extracellular microelectrode. This approach to wiring nanoscale devices could lead to minimally invasive implantable sensors with thousands of channels for in vivo neuronal recording, medical diagnostics, and electrochemical sensing